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蒙古于1999年拥有了海洋开发法律,2003年"蒙古船籍注册规则"得到议会通过.成立了海事局,蒙古海事局是蒙古国交通运输旅游部下属单位,总部位于乌兰巴托,并在新加坡成立了蒙古新加坡合资的"蒙古船籍注册局"/MSR:MONGOLIA SHIP REGISTRY/.代理处理挂蒙古旗船舶的注册事宜.
据蒙古海事局长嘎拉桑道恩德格透露，从2003年开始在"蒙古船籍注册局"注册的货船共一千二百多艘，目前挂蒙古旗从事运输的有三百多艘，每年纳税4亿蒙图。
为了避免卷入国际争端，蒙古政府禁止向油轮，渔船等有可能引起漏油，越境捕鱼等事故的船只发放船籍证。2007年蒙古籍船运货总量排在《国际海事组织》一百七十多个成员国的第70位。
对北朝鲜多艘货船利用蒙古旗进行运输的传言，蒙古海事局官员给于否认，注册蒙古船籍的有100多艘新加坡货船，还有俄罗斯，美国等国的，没有北朝鲜的。
虽然注册的船数越来越多，但都是外国船只在租用蒙古国旗进行运输，为了拥有自己的货船，蒙古当局已选派几名学员到俄罗斯远东海港和美国的相关学校就读,为本国未来的海运培养人才.
目前蒙古已加入了以下IMO公约：
1978年水手培训、证书与值班标准国际公约，及其修正案(STCW95公约)。
1972年防止海上互撞国际条例公约及其修正案。
1966年国际船舶载重线公约(包括1966国际船舶载重线公约1988议定书)。
1974年国际海上人命安全公约(包括1978、1988议定书)。
1969年国际船舶吨位丈量公约。
1973年国际防止船舶污染公约和1978年议定书。
1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约。
然而也传出了些质疑声音
如:是否有北朝鲜货船在使用蒙古国旗,2007年9月5日<朝日关系正常化工作组第二次会议>在乌兰巴托举行,日本和朝鲜两国各派出多名代表参与谈判,此次朝日会谈就朝鲜特工部门上个世纪70至80年代绑架日本公民的问题,朝核问题进行双边谈判,会议没有取得任何实际进展.蒙古国作为本次会议的组织者，没有参与会议的协商过程.对此有观察家指出蒙古与朝鲜之间似乎有着秘道.
2007年日本某杂志刊登了有关挂蒙古旗的北朝鲜货船频繁"访问"日本港口的消息，该杂志编辑指出:
自从日本加大对北朝鲜货船的监督力度后，到达日本港口的北朝鲜货船数量从2002年的1415艘降到2006年的零艘，但朝鲜货船并不是不再来了，而是带上面具继续穿梭的在日本各个港口间。朝鲜船只来日本的高峰期过后的2003年，有258艘蒙古籍货船到访了日本，这个数字在3年里翻了3倍，来日本的外国货船中蒙古籍船占了不少比例.有证据显示有多达一千多艘船只在使用蒙古国旗,其中在全球范围内进行运输的就有208艘,而被称为海洋国度的日本在全球范围内进行运输的货船也就90多艘.
2008年5月7日 美国<华盛顿时报>刊登了一篇名为Ships of fools?/愚人船?/的文章
作者为 詹姆士.麦迪逊大学下属国际与公共关系事物-尼尔逊学院校长 彼特·法姆
J. Peter Pham is director of the Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs at James Madison University
washingtontimes 华盛顿时报
Ships of fools? 愚人船?
Wednesday, May 7, 2008 周三,5月7日. 2008
(文章大意如下)
为了更全面的分析2001年9月11日美国遭遇可怕的恐怖袭击以来国家所遇到的威胁,不妨看看我们政府战略盟友之一的所作所为.
蒙古是第二大内陆国,其首都在世界一个大戈壁滩的边上,蒙古国近年积极发展海洋运输事业,目前这个国家在公海上有了自己的地位,而且有上升势头.
这个国家的原共产党/人革党/5年前还控制着国会中除4个席位外其他全部席位,那时让蒙古在海洋上有"户口"的总理恩赫巴雅尔,现在成为了总统.他们称目的是为了在海洋事业上合作,积累经验.该国的政府可以以此自豪.
没有出海口的蒙古,目前有73艘船,而这些船都是1000吨级以上的.
由此看来蒙古似乎卷入了地理政治危险而有风险的游戏.人革党也许认为出租国旗可以轻而一举的赚到钱.而租用他们国旗的船主们却在隐藏自己的身份.
去年战略研究中心的一份研究报告刊登在海军学校主办的双月刊物上,"出租国旗的国家在海洋事物中有享受平等权利的原则,但无法否认他们隐藏船主,隐瞒收入,与犯罪团伙勾结提供运输非法物品的渠道,甚至是运输自己制造的武器的可能性",
蒙古虽有权利用海洋,但蒙古政府却阻止这个,在这个领域他们在新加坡的一个50层楼里有办公室,由一个绰号为"船长"真名为 Chong Koy Sen的人负责。要想知道蒙古与什么样的公司粘在一起，必须先介绍"船长"Chong ，此人2002年前一直在柬埔寨旗下从事活动，但海军方面发现以下两个事件后他与柬埔寨取消了签约，法国海军陆战队发现柬埔寨旗下的货船运输价值2.35亿美元的毒品，2002年北朝鲜货船开往也门时悬挂了柬埔寨国旗，西班牙海军从这艘船上发现了15枚Scud牌导弹及85桶火箭燃料，这件事后悬挂蒙古国旗的船只渐渐多起来.
据Lloyd’s List杂志透露，蒙古的合伙人Chong先生是位于Korasia的船运公司股东，他的公司扮演着北朝鲜船运媒介的角色。朝鲜是充满敌意，不稳定的国家，所以该国的船只总是受到批评，例如日本对到达其领域的北朝鲜货船实行严格的限制，虽然日本海军陆战队近年对北朝鲜船只实行限制，但奇怪的是朝鲜船只却越来越多。这个跟悬挂蒙古国旗的船只有关，与此同时黎巴嫩，叙利亚，俄罗斯的船只也在使用成吉思汗故乡的国旗.
令美国司法部门费解的是蒙古在过去的5年里平均每年从美国获得1280万美元的援助,又从美国纳税人基金-<千年挑战基金>得到2.85亿美元无偿援助, 虽然从美国得到了几百万美元的援助,但他们依然从事着武器扩散、与劫匪共事等嫌疑活动.让他人租用旗帜严重影响着美国及其盟友的安全.
在反恐问题上美国实行公开海洋的措施,我们相信,尤其是在美国海军的努力下能够保证公海安全.但有必要知道,尤其是要知道到达美国海岸的船只是哪里的!是谁的!
还有个需要说的是,去年蒙古答应美国及其盟友在保护安全的前提下可以检查悬挂蒙古旗帜的可疑船只,但这个对减少风险作用不大.
因此美国国务卿赖斯必须有个研究蒙古国海洋活动的地区代表,而国会反恐委员会的工作人员应当证明其对美国及外国构成威胁,换句话说应当不给于像蒙古这样的国家在危险区域(海洋)流荡的资格.
华盛顿时报 原文
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/may/07/ships-of-fools/
Ships of fools?
Wednesday, May 7, 2008
To fully appreciate the complications and dangers America faces in the post Sept. 11, 2001, world, consider recent actions taken by the government of one of America's strategic allies.
Mongolia is the world's second-largest landlocked country. Its capital is situated on the edge of one of the world's great deserts. Despite this, the Mongolian government in recent years has encouraged the development of a fleet of ships. It now has a significant and a growing maritime presence.
Indeed, five years ago, during a period when his ex-communist party controlled all but four seats in parliament, then-Prime Minister Nambaryn Enkhbayar, who has since ascended to the country's presidency, set up the Mongolia Ship Registry. The stated mission was "to provide and promote excellence in registry and marine services."
These were tasks with which the landlocked Mongolians had, understandably, not a whit of experience, historical or otherwise. Yet today the government of Mongolia boasts of a merchant marine of no fewer than 73 ships, each with a capacity of at least 1,000 gross register tons. What's going on here?
It seems the Mongolians are flirting with a very risky and dangerous geopolitical game. The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party believes it can make a quick buck by renting out Mongolia's national banner as a so-called "flag of convenience," made available to ship owners who, for whatever reason, don't want their vessels scrutinized too closely.
A study published last year by Strategic Insights, the bimonthly journal of the Naval Postgraduate School's Center for Contemporary Conflict, noted that: "Flags of convenience [FOC] for ship registration remain the equivalent in the maritime sphere of offshore financial centers and bank secrecy havens in the financial world, hiding beneficial ownership, minimizing transparency, and facilitating criminal and other malevolent activities. The FOC system and the layers of corporate ownership and front companies that accompany it, provide a veil of anonymity that allow criminals and terrorists alike to transport all sorts of illicit goods, including possibly an [improvised nuclear device]."
Mongolia's registry operation, sanctioned by the government, isn't even based in the country. It is run out of a 50-story office tower in Singapore and managed by Sovereign Ventures, a conglomerate owned by an interesting character named "Capt." .
To get a sense of the kind of company with which Mongolia is working, Mr. Chong's firm formerly operated Cambodia's ship registry until 2002, when its franchise was revoked after two alarming incidents. In June of that year, French commandos boarded the Winner, a vessel at sail in the Atlantic, flagged with Cambodian colors by Mr. Chong's outfit. Amid gunfire from the crew, French marines seized more than a ton of cocaine with a street value of more than $235 million.
In another episode the same year, a North Korean-owned freighter, the So San, was likewise flagged with the Cambodian colors. This ship was headed for Yemen but was stopped by a Spanish frigate which had been alerted by U.S. intelligence. Boarding the vessel, Spanish troops found 15 Scud-type missiles and some 85 barrels of rocket fuel hidden under bags of cement. It was shortly after these disturbing maritime incidents under Cambodian flags of convenience that the landlocked Mongolians went out to sea.
According to Lloyd's List, the authoritative maritime trade publication, Mongolia's partner, Mr. Chong, is also the majority stockholder in Korasia Trading and Shipping, a firm which acts as a shipping agent for North Korea. Given the menacing and unstable nature of the North Korean regime, ships flying that Stalinist country's flag are subject to intense scrutiny. For example, the Japanese have established severe restrictions on North Korean ships in their territorial waters. But Japanese naval authorities noticed in recent years that while port calls by North Korean vessels began dropping precipitously, increasing numbers of — you guessed it — Mongolian-flagged vessels began frequenting Japanese ports. Other vessels sailing under the banner of the land of Genghis Khan include some whose true colors are actually those of Lebanon, Syria and Russia.
Of particular concern for American lawmakers is the fact Mongolia received an average of $12.8 million in U.S. assistance annually for the last five years in addition to being the beneficiary of a $285 million grant from the American taxpayer-funded Millennium Challenge Corp.
Despite receiving millions of dollars from America's public purse, Mongolia appears to have no problem renting out its flag to weapons proliferators, criminals and other shady figures who endanger the security of the United States and its allies.
In the middle of its struggle against terrorism, America needs to be assured that the ships sailing the world's oceans — waters kept open largely by the efforts of the U.S. Navy — are safe, high-quality vessels meeting commonsense security requirements. We need to know who owns operates and crews the ships — especially if they approach our shores or those of our allies.
It should be noted there has been some progress. Last year Mongolia agreed to allow the United States and its partners in the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) to board and inspect vessels flying its flag if they have a "basis for the suspicion" that something is amiss. But this only marginally lessens the risk.
The truth is, in assessing Mongolia's value as an ally in the global war on terrorism, the country's modest troop contributions to Iraq and Afghanistan have to be weighed against the threat to our national interests posed by the bargain-basement "flag of convenience" it now hawks. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice should have her regional representative investigate Mongolia's maritime activities and aims — and the State Department's coordinator for counterterrorism should be asked to certify whether they represent a threat to Americans at home and abroad. In short, a country like Mongolia cannot be allowed to drift into these dangerous waters, least of all on America's dime.
J. Peter Pham is director of the Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs at James Madison University and is a senior fellow at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies.
[ 本帖最后由 tala88 于 2008-7-10 20:52 编辑 ] |
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